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Post by BrentKoivopolo888 on Aug 16, 2021 20:29:11 GMT -6
An ecclesiastical history, ancient and modern; in which the rise, progress, and variations of church power, are considered in their connexion with the state of learning and philosophy, and the political history of Europe during that period. By the late learned John Laurence Mosheim ... Tr. from the original Latin, and illustrated with notes, chronological tables, and an appendix, by Archibald Maclaine, D. D. Continued to the year 1826, by Charles Coote, L. L. D., and furnished with a dissertation on the state of the primitive church, by the Right Reverend Dr. George Gleig ...
Mosheim, Johann Lorenz, 1694?-1755., Maclaine, Archibald, tr. 1722-1804,, Coote, Charles, 1761-1835., Gleig, George, 1753-1840.
AN
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY
ANCIENT AND MODERN:
IN WIICH
THIE KISE, PROGRESS, AND VARIATIONS dF CHIURCIH POWER, ARE CONSIDERED IN THEIR
CONNEXION WITH TIlE STATE OF LEARNING AND PHILOSOPIlY, AN'D THE
POLITICAL [IISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THAT PERIOD;
BY THE LATE LEARNED
JOHN LAURENCE') MOSHEIM D. D.
CItANCEI,LOR F THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTTINGEN;
TRA.NnLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL LATIN,.:ILLUSTRATED WITH NOTES1 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, AND AN APPEIK'DIX,
BY ARCHIIBALD MACLAINE, D. D.
A NEW EDITION-IN TWO VOLUMES,
CONTINUED TO THE YEAR 18.6.
BY CHARLES COOTE, L. L. D.
AND FURNISHED WITIl
A DISSERTATION ON THE STATE OF THE PRIMITIVE CIIURCI,
BY TIlE RIGHtT REV.
DR. GEORGE GLEIG, OF STIRLING.
VOL. [I
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
329 & 331 PEARL STREET,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
18 7 1.
THE TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
I CANNOT persuade myself, that the complaints which we hear frequently
of the frivolous nature of the public taste in matters of literature, are so far
to be relied on, as to make me despair of a favourable reception of the following work. A History of the Christian Church, composed with judgment,
taste, and candour, drawn with uncommon discernment and industry from ths
best sources, enriched with much useful learning and several important!iscoveries, and connected with the history of arts, philosophy, and c. xi
government, is an object that will very probably attract the attention of many,
and most undoubtedly excite the curiosity of the judicious and the wise. A
work of this nature will be considered by the philosopher, as an important
branch of the history of the human mind; and I need not mention a multitude
O)f reasons that render it peculiarly interestino to the Christian. Besides,
there has not hitherto appeared, in English, any complete history of the
~church, that represents its revolutions, its divisions, and doctrines, with impartiality and truth, exposes the delusions of popish legends, breathes a spirit
of moderation and freedom, and, keeping perpetually in the view of the
reader the true nature and design of the Christian religion, points out those
deviations from its beautiful simplicity, which have been too frequent among
all orders of men and in all ages of the world.;!'
Iow far justice has been done to this excellent work, in the following
translation, is a point that must be left to the decision of those who may think
proper to peruse it with attention. I can say, with the strictest truth, that I
have spared no pains to render it worthy of their gracious acceptance; and
this consideration gives me some claim to their candour and indulgence, for
any defects they may find in it. I have endeavoured to render my translation
faithful, but never proposed to render it entirely literal. The style of the
original is by no means a model to imitate, in a work designed for general
use. Dr. Mosheim affected brevity, and laboured to crowd many things into
few words; thus his diction, though pure and correct, became sententious and
harsh, without that harmony which pleases the ear, or those transitions
which make a narration flow with ease. This being the case, I have some-,times taken considerable liberties with my author, and followed the spirit of
his narrative' without adhering strictly to the letter. Where, indeed, the
Latin phrase appeared to me elegant, expressive, and compatible with the
English idiom, I have constantly followed it; but, in all other cases, I have
departed from it, and have often added a few sentences, to render an observae
tion more striking, a fact more clear, a portrait more finished. Had I been
translating Cicero or Tacitus, I should not have thought such freedom pardonable. The translation of a classic author, like the copy of a capital picture, must exhibit not only the subject but also the manner of the original:
this rule, however, is not applicable to the work now under consideration.
When I entered upon this undertaking, I proposed rendering the additional
notes more numerous and ample, than the reader will find them. I soon
perceived that the prosecution of my original plan would render this work
too voluminous; and this induced me to alter my purpose The notes I have
given are not, however, inconsiderable in number; I wish I could say as much
Vwith respect to their merit and importance. I would only hope that some of
them will be looked upon as not altogether unnecessary.
Hagtte, Dec. 4, 1764.
W We omit the intervening part of Dr. Maclaine's Preface, because its insertion is rendered
unnecessary by the biographical sketch which the Editor has given.
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Post by BrentKoivopolo888 on Aug 16, 2021 20:32:41 GMT -6
THE EDITOR'S PREFACE.
IN every civilized country, the ministers of religion, from the nature of
their education, may be expected to be conversant in literature: but in ne
country do they appear to be so fond of imparting their thoughts to the world,
by the medium of the press, as in Germany. The greater part of their pro.
ductions, indeed, pass silently into the gulf of oblivion, while some remain,
and excite continued attention. To the latter class may be assigned the History of the Christian Church, written by Dr. John Laurence von Mosheim.
Academical honours and ecclesiastical dignities have frequently been obtained by persons who were born in the lowest sphere of life; and it may
therefore be be supposed that Mosheim might have obtained such honours and
rewards by his abilities and erudition, even if he had been the son of an
ordinary tradesman, of a low mechanic, or a rude peasant: but that was not
his fate; for he was born (in the year 1695) of a family that boasted of high
rank and noble blood. Lubeck was the place of his birth; but, in the short
accounts of him which have fallen under our notice, the scene of his academical education is not mentioned. He gave early indications of a promising
capacity, and of a strong desire of mental and literary improvement; and,
when his parents proposed to him the choice of a profession, the church
suggested itself to him as a proper department for the exercise of that zeal
which disposed him to be useful to society.
Being ordained a minister of the Lutheran church, he soon distinguished
himself as a preacher. His eloquence was impressive: he could wield witht
force the weapons of argumentation; and his language was neat, perspicuous,
and accurate. He did not bewilder his auditors in the refinements of doctrine,
or the profundities of speculation, but generally contented himself with stating
the chief doctrinal points of Christianity, while he enforced *the useful pre
cepts of practical religion, recommending pious feelings, benevolent affections,
an orderly demeanour, correct morals, and virtuous habits.
His reputation as a preacher, however high, was local and confined: but
the fame of his literary ability diffused itself among all the nations of Christendom. The Danish court invited him to Copenhagen, and rewarded his
merit by the grant of a professorship in the university of that capital. The
duke of Brunswick-Wolffenbuttel afterwards patronised him; and, having
solicited his return to Germany, not only procured for him the theological
chair at Helmstadt, but appointed him counsellor to the court in the affairs of
the church, and invested him with authority over all the seminaries of learning in.the duchy. Even king George the Second, who, though a respectable
prince, was not distinguished as an encourager of literary merit, entertained
a high opinion of the character of Dr. Mosheim, and selected him for the
dignified office of chancellor or president of the university of Gottingen. Ile
discharged the duties of that station with zeal and propriety, and his conduct
gave general satisfaction. His death, therefore, was sincerely lamented by
all ranks of people, particularly as it did not occur in the extremity of age;
for he had not completed his sixty-first year.
HIis literary lab6urs were principally connected with his theological protession. He wrote, in the language of ancient Rome, an account of the affairs
and state of the Christians before the reign of Constantine the Great;-a vin.
dication of the early discipline of those votaries of pure religion; —a narrative
of the chief incidents of the life of the unfortunate Servetus, the martyr of
Calvinistic bigotry; —dissertations on various subjects of a sacred nature;and a translation of the celebrated work of Dr. Ralph Cudworth upon tile
intellectual system of the universe, accompanied with erudite remarks and
judicious illustrations.
His history of the church was at first a small work, which appeared under
the title of Institutiones Historie Christiane, and passed through several
editions. He was repeatedly urged by his learned friends to extend a work
which they represented as too meagre for the importance of the subject. He
acknowledged the applicability of the objection; but alleged various avocations, as an excuse for non-compliance. To the wish of the public he at
length acceded; and, having employed two years in the augmentation and improvement of his history, he published it in the year 1755, with a dedication
to Burchard Christian baron Behr, one of the counsellors of regency to his
Britanic majesty for the electorate of Hanover. In the preface, he solemnly
thanked God for having given him strength and ability to finish a difficult and
tedious work (opus difficile, non und de catesd, et toedii plennum.) He, at the
same time, lamented that he was almost worn out with labours and cares.
Thus did he seemingly predict his speedy dissolution; and, before the end of
that year, his honourable and useful life was closed by the will of Providence.
Being desirous of procuring, for a work so replete with information, a more
general perusal than its Latin dress would allow, Dr. Maclaine, a learned
minister of the English church in Holland, undertook the task of translating
it; and the attempt was by no means unsuccessful. For his translation there
is a permanent demand; and a new edition is therefore submitted to the public
eye, after that revision and correction which appeared to be necessary. A
continuation is subjoined, that the reader might not regret the want of a religious and ecclesiastical history of recent times; and the translator's appendix
has been enriched with a judicious essay, the offspring of the spontaneous
zeal of a distinguished divine of the Episcopal church in Scotland.
C. COOTE
May 15, 1826;
THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
TlHE dlflferent editions of my Elements of the Christian History met witi?
such a favourable reception, and so great was the demand for them, that they
were soon out of print. On this occasion, the worthy person, at whose expense they had been presented to the public, advised that a new edition should
be given of the same work, improved and enlarged. The other occupations in
which I was engaged, and a prudent consideration of the labour I must undergo
in the correction and augmentation of a work in which I myself perceived
so many imperfections, prevented my yielding, for a long time, to his earnest
solicitations. But the importufiities of my friends at length prevailed upon
me to undertake the difficult task, and I have assiduously employed my hours
of leisure, during two years, in bringing the work to as high a degree of perfection as I am capable of giving to it; so that now these Elements of Ecclesiastical History appear under a new form, and the changes they have undergone are certainly advantageous in every respect. I have still retained the
division of the whole into certain periods; for, though a continued narration
would have been more agreeable to my own taste, and had also several circumstances to recommend it, yet the counsels of some learned men who have
experienced the great advantages of this division, engaged me to prefer the
former to every other method; and indeed, when we examine this matter with
due attention, we shall be disposed to allow, that the author, who proposes
comprehending in one work all the observations and facts which are necessary
to an. acquaintance with the state of Christianity in the different ages of the
church, will find it impossible to execute this design, without. adopting cer
tain general divisions of time, and others of a more particular kind, naturally
pointed out by the variety of objects that demand a place in his history. Arid,
as this was my design in the following work, I have left its primitive form
entire, and made it my principal business to correct, improve, and augment it
in such a manner, as to render it more instructive and entertaining to the reader.
My principal care has been employed in establishing upon the most solid
ioundations, and confirming by the most respectable authority, the credit of
the facts related in this history. For this purpose, I have drawn rrom the
fountain-head, and have gone to those genuine sources from which the pure
and uncorrupted streams of evidence flow. I have consulted the best authors
of every age, and chiefly those who were contemporary with the events
which they record; or lived near the periods in which they happened; and
I have endeavoured to report their contents with brevity, perspicuity, anid
precision. Abbreviators, generally speaking, do little more than reduce to a
short and narrow compass those large bodies of history, which have been
compiled from original authors. This method may be, in some measure,
justified by several reasons, and therefore is not to be entirely disapproved:
hence, nevertheless, it happens, that the errors, which almost always abound
in large and voluminous productions, are propagated with facility, and, passing from one book into many, are unhappily handed down from age to age.
This I had formerly observed in several abridgements; and I had lately the
mortification to find some instances of this in my work, when I examined it
by the pure lamps of antiquity, and compared it with those original records
which are considered as the genuine sources of sacred history. It was then
that [ perceived the danger of confiding implicitly even in those who are the
most generally esteemed on account of their fidelity, penetration, andr dii
viu
gence; and it was then also that I became sensible of the necessity of adding,
suppressing, changing, and correcting several things in the small work (al.ready mentioned) which I formerly published. In the execution of this
necessary task, I can affirm with truth, that I have not been deficient in perseverance, industry, or attention: and yet, with all these, it is exceedingly
difficult to avoid mistakes of every kind, as those who are acquainted with
the nature of historicalb researches abundantly know. How far I have approached to that inaccessible degree of exactness, which is chargeable with
no error, must be left to the decision of those whose extensive knowledge of
the Christian history entitles them to pronounce judgment in this matter.
That such may judge with the greater facility, I have mentioned the authors
who have been my guides; and, if I have in any respect misrepresented their
accounts or their sentiments, I must confess that I am much more inexcusable
than some other historians, who have met with and deserved the same reproach, since I have attentively perused and compared the various authors to
whose testimony I appeal, having formed a resolution of trusting to no authority inferior to that of the original sources of historical truth. In order
to execute, with some degree of success, the design I formed of rendering
my abridgement more perfect, and of giving the *history of the church as it
stands in the most authentic records, and in the writings of those whose
atithority is most respectable, I found myself obliged to make many changes
and additions. These will be visible through the whole of the following
work, but more especially in the third book, which comprehends the history
of the Christian, and particularly of the Latin or western church, from
Charlemagne to the rise of Luther and the commencement of the Reformation. Th s period of history, though it abound with shining examples,
though it bc unspeakably useful as a key to the knowledge of the political as
well as religious state of Europe, though it be singularly adapted to unfold the
origin and explain the reasons of many modern transactions, has nevertheless
been hitherto treated with less perspicuity, solidity, and elegance, than any
other branch of the history of the church. Many writers have attempted to
throw light upon this interesting period; but the barbarous style of one part
of the number, the profound ignorance of some, and the partial and factious
spirit of others, are such as render them by no means inviting; and the enormous bulk and excessive price of the productions of some of the best of these
writers must necessarily make them scarce. It is farther to be observed, that
some of the most valuable records that belong to the period now under consideration, remain yet in manuscript in the collections of the curious (or the
Opulent, who are willing to pass for such,) and are thus concealed from public
view. Those who consider these circumstances will no longer be surprised,
that, in this part of the subject, the most learned and laborious writers have
omitted many things of consequence, and treated others without success.
Amongst these, the analists and other historians, so highly celebrated by the
church of Rome, such as Baronius, Raynialdus, Bzovius, Manriques, and
Wadding, though they were amply furnished with ancient manuscripts and
records, have nevertheless committed more faults, and'fallen into errors of
greater consequence, than other writers, who were far inferior to them in
learning and credit, and had much less access to original records than the3
were ffvoured with.
These considerations induce me to hope, that the work which I now pre
sent to the public will neither appear superfluous nor be found useless. For
as I have employed many years in the most laborious researches, in order to
acquire a thorough acquaintance with the history of Christianity from the
eighth century downwards, and as I flatter myself that, by the aid both of
printed works and manuscripts too little consulted, I have arrived at a more
certain and satisfactory knowledge of that period than is to be found in the viii generality of writers, I cannot but think that it will be doing real service to
this branch of: history to produce some of these discoveries, as this may encourage the learned and industrious to pursue the plan that I have thus begun,
and to complete the history of the Latin church, by dispelling the darkness
of what is called the Middle Age. And indeed I may venture to affirm, that
1 have brought to light several things hitherto unknown; corrected from
records of undoubted authority accounts of other things imperfectly knowil,
and expressed with perplexity and confusion; and exposed the fabulous natuie
of many pretended events that deform the annals of sacred history. I here
perhaps carry too far that self-praise, which the candour and indulgence of tile
public are disposed either to overlook as the infirmity, or to regard as the
privilege of old age. Those, however, who are curious. to know how far
this self-applause is just and well grounded, have only to cast an eye on the
illustrations I have given on the subject of Constantine's donation, as also
with respect to the Cathari and Albigenses, the Beghards and Beguines, the
Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit (whose pestilential fanaticism was a
public nuisance to many countries in Europe during 3 period of four hundred
years,) the Fratricelli or Little Brethren, the controversies between the Franciscans and the Roman pontiffs, the history of Berenger and the Lollards, and
other matters. When my illustrations of these subjects and points of history
are compared with what we find concerning them in other writers, it will
perhaps appear, that my pretensions to the merit of some interesting discoveries are not entirely without foundation.
The accessions to ecclesiastical history could not be exhibited with the
salne brevity that I have observed in treating other subjects, which had been
amply enlarged upon by others; for this would have been incompatible with
the information of the curious, who would have received imperfect and confused notions of these subjects, and would have made me, perhaps, pass for a
fabulous writer, who advanced novelties, without mentioning either my guides
or my authorities. I have, therefore, not only explained all those points of
history which carry with them an air of novelty or recede considerably from
the notions commonly received, but have also confirmed them by a sufficient
number of observations and testimonies, so as to establish their credibility on
a solid foundation. The illustrations and enlargements, which, generally
speaking, have an appearance of disproportion and superfluity in an historical
abridgement, were absolutely necessary in the present case.
These reasons engaged me to change the plan laid down in my former
work, and one peculiar consideration induced me to render the present history
more ample and voluminous. The elements before mentioned, were principally intended for the use of those who are appointed to instruct the studious
youth in the history and vicissitudes of the Christian Church, and who stand
in need of a compendious text to give a certain order and method to their
prelections. In this view I treated each subject with the utmost brevity, and
left, as was natural and fitting, much to the learning and abilities of those
who might think proper to make use of these elements in their course of
instruction. But, in reviewing this compendious work with an intention of
presenting it anew to the public, I imagined it might be rendered more acceptable to many, by such improvements and enlargements as might adapt it
not only to the use of those. who teach others, but also of those who are desirous of acquiring, by their own application, a general knowledge of ecclesiastical history. It was with this view that I made considerable additions
to lmy former work, illustrated many things that had been there obscurely expressed for the sake of brevity, and reduced to a regular and perspicuous
order a variety of facts, the recital of which had been more or less attended
with perplexity and confusion. Hence it is, that, in the following work, the
history of the calamities, in which the Christians of the first ages were in
volved, and the origin and progress of the sects and heresies which troubledl
the church are exhibited with an uncommon degree of accuracy and
precision.
Hence the various forms of religion, which have sprung from the excessive
love of novelty, are represented without prejudice or partiality, and with all
possible perspicuity and truth. It is also in consequence of this change of
my original design, that I have taken the utmost pains to state more clearly
religious controversies, to estimate their respective moment and importance,
and to exhibit the arguments alleged on both sides; nor must I omit mention-.ng the care and labour I have employed in giving an exact narration of the
transactions, wars, and enterprising measures, of the Roman pontiffs, from
the reign of Charlemagne to the present time.
Those, therefore, who are prevented from applying themselves to a regun
lar study of ecclesiastical history through want of leisure, or by not lhaving
at hand the sources of instruction, and are nevertheless desirous of acquiring
a distinct knowledge of certain events, doctrines, or ceremonies, may consult
tlie following work, in which they will find the information they want; and
those who are inclined to push their inquiries still farther, will see the course
they must pursue, and find the authors mentioned whom it will be proper for
them to consult.
It would betray an unpardonable presuinption in me to imagine, that in a
work, whose plan is so extensive, and whose contents are so various, I have
never fallen into any mistakes. But, as I am conscious to myself of having
conducted this undertaking with the most upright intentions, and of having
employed all those means which are generally looked upon as the best preservavites against the seductions of error, I would hope that the mistakes I
mav have committed are neither so frequent nor so momentous as to be productive of'any pernicious effects.
I might add more; but nothing more is necessary to enable those to judge
of this work, who judge with knowledge, impartiality, and candour. I therefore conclude, by offering the just tribute of my gratitude to Almighty God,
wvh-, amidst the infirmities of my advanced years and other pressures under
which I have laboured, has supplied me with strength to bring this difficul
work to a conclusion.
Gottingen, MLarch 23, 1755.
VOL. L.-2
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Post by BrentKoivopolo888 on Aug 16, 2021 20:35:34 GMT -6
INTRODUCTION.
1. TnE Ecclesiastical History of the New Testament is a clear and faithful narratlor. of tno
trallsactions, revolutions, and events, that relate to that large community, which bears the narn,
of JEsus CHRIST, and is commonly known under the denomination of the Church. It comn
prehends both the external and internal condition of this community, and so connects cach
event with the causes from which it proceeds, and the instruments which have been concerne I
in its production, that the attentive reader may be led to observe the displays of providential
wisdomn and goodness in the preservation of the church, and thus find his piety improved, X
well as his knowledge.
[I. The church, founded by the ministry and death of Christ, cannot be represented wit:
greater perspicuity and propriety than under the notion of a society subjected to a lawful d(
minion, and governed by certain laws and institutions, mostly of a moral and spiritual ten
dency. To such a society many external events must happen, which will advance or oppose
its interests, and accelerate or retard its progress toward perfection, in consequence of its un
avoidable connexion with the course and revolutions of human affairs. Moreover, as nothing
is stable and uniform where the imperfections of humanity take place, this religious societ).
besides the vicissitudes to which it must be exposed from the influence of external events, mus
be liable to various changes in its internal constitution. In this view of things, then, it ap.
pears, that the history of the church, like that of' the state, may be divided with propriety intt
two general branches, which we may call its External and Internal History.
III. The External History of the Church comprehends all the changes, vicissitudes, ane
events, that have diversified the external state and condition of this sacred community. Ard
as all public societies have their periods of lustre and decay, and are exposed to revolutior
bqth of a happy and calamitous nature, so this first branch of Ecclesiastical History may hl
subdivided into two, comprehending, respectively, the prosperots and calainitous events thtl
have happened to the church.
IV. The prasperoeus events that have contributed to extend the limits, or to augment the'n
fiuence, of the Christian church, have proceeded either from its rulers and leaders, or from the
subordinate members of this great community. Under the former class, we rank its public
rulers, such as princes, magistrates, and pontiffs, who, by their authority and laws, their liberality, and even their arms, have maintained its cause and extended its borders; as also, its
more prirate leaders, its learned and pious doctors, whose wise counsels, pious exploits, eminent examples, and distinguished abilities, have contributed most to promote its true prosperity
and lustre. Under the latter class, we may comprehend the advantages which the cause of
Christianity has derived from the active faith, the invincible constancy, the fervent piety, and
extensive charity, of its genuine professors, who, by the attractive lustre of these amiable virtues, have led many into the way of truth, and engaged them to submit themselves to the empire of the Messiah.
V. Under the calamitous events that have happened to the church, may be comprehended
the injuries it has received from the vices and passions of its friends, and the bitter opposition
and insidious stratagems of its enemies. The professors of Christianity, and more especially
the doctors and rulers of the church, have done unspeakable detriment to the cause of religion,
by their ignorance and sloth, their luxury and ambition, their uncharitable zeal, animosities
and contentions, of which many shocking examples will be exhibited in the course of this history. Christianity had public enemies to encounter, even princes and magistrates, who opposed its progress )by penal laws, and blood-thirsty persecution; it had also private and inveterate
adversaries us a certain set of philosophers, or rather sophists, who, enslaved by superstition,
or abandoned to atheism, endeavoured to blast the rising church by their perfidious accusa
tions, and their virulent writings.
VI. Such then are the events that are exhibited to our view in the external history of the
church. Its Internal IHistory comprehends the changes and vicissitudes that have happened in
Its inward constitution, in that system of discipline and doctrine by which it stands distinguished from all other religious societies. This branch may be properly termed the History of the
Christian Religioen. The causes of these internal changes are to be sought principally in the
conduct and measures of those who have presided and borne rule in the church. It has been
too frequently their practice to interpret the truths and precepts of religion in a manner accoinnmodated to their particular systems, or even to their private interests; and, while they have
found, in some, implicit obedience, they have met with warm opposition from others. Hence
lhave proceeded theological broils and civil commotions, in which tile cause of religion has
often been defended at the expense both of justice and humanity. All these things must be'bsewetd with the strictest attention by an ecclesiastical historian.
11
VI,. The first thing, therefore, that should be naturally treated in the Irtderna Histlory of tieC
church, is the history of its ministers, rulers, and form of government. When we look back
to the commencement of the Christian church, we find its government administered jointly
by the pastors and the people. But, in process of time, the scene changes, and we see these
pastors affecting an air of pre-eminence and superiority, trampling upon the rights and privileges of the community, and assuming to themselves a supreme authority, both in civil and
religious matters. This invasion of the rights of the people was at length carried to such a
height, that a single man administered, or at least claimed a right to administer, the affairs
of the whole church with an unlimited sway. Among the doctors of these early times, there
were some who acquired, by their learned labours, a shining reputation and an universal influence; they were regarded as oracles; their decisions were handed down to posterity as sacred
rules of faith and practice; and they thus deserve to be mentioned, with particular distinction,
among the governors of the church, though no part of its public administration was actually
in their hands.*
VIII. After giving an account of the rulers and doctors of the church, the ecclesiastical
historian proceeds to exhibit a view of the laws that are peculiar to this sacred community,
which form, as it were, its centre of union, and distinguish it from all other religious societies.
These laws are of two kinds. The first are properly called divine, because they are immediately enacted by God himself, and are contained in those sacred books, which carry the moe.t
striking marks of a divine origin. They consist of those doctrines that are the objects of fait h
and reason, and those precepts which are addressed to the heart and the affections. To tlhe
second kind belong those laws which are merely of human institution, and derive their amthority only from the injunctions of the rulers of the church.
IX. In that part of the sacred history which relates to the doctrines of Christianity, it is
necessary, above all things, to inquire particularly into the degree of authority that has been
attributed to the sacred writings in the different periods of the church, and also into the mannler in which the divine doctrines they contain, have been explained and illustrated. For the
true state of religion in every age can only be learned from the point of view in which theae
celestial oracles were considered, and from the manner in which they were expounded to tihe
neople. As long as they were the only rule of faith, religion preserved its native purity; anda
in proportion as their decisions were either neglected or postponed to the inventions of meln,
it degenerated fronl its primitive and divine simplicity. It is farther necessary to show, under
this head, what was the fate of the pure laws and doctrines of Christianity-how they wore
interpreted and explained-lhow they were defended against the enemies of the Gospel-how
they were corrupted and adulterated by the ignorance and licentiousness of men. And, finally,
it will be proper to inquire here, how far the lives and manners of Christians have been conformable to the dictates of these sacred laws, and to the influence that these sublime doctrines
ought to have upon the hearts of men; as also to examine the rules of discipline prescribed by
the spiritual governors of the church, in order to correct and restrain the vices and irregularities of its members.
X. The Huiman Laws, that constitute a part of ecclesiastical government, consist in precepts concerning the external worship of the Deity, and in certain rites, either confirmed by
custom, or introduced by positive and express authority. Rites and ceremeonies regard religion
either directly or indirectly; by the former, we understand those which are used in the immediate worship of the Supreme Being, whether in public or in private; by the latter, such pious
and decent institutions as, beside direct acts of worship, have prevailed in the church. This
part of sacred history is of a vast extent, both on account of the great diversity of these ceremonies, and the frequent changes and modifications through which they have passed. This
consideration will justify our treating them with brevity, in a work which is only intended fos
a compendious view of ecclesiastical history.
XI. As bodies politic are sometimes distracted with wars and seditions, so has the Christian
church, though designed to be the mansion of charity and concord, been unhappily perplexed
by intestine divisions, occasioned sometimes by points of doctrine, at others by a variety of
sentiments about certain rites and ceremonies. The principal authors of these divisions have
been stigm.atized with the title of Heretics, and their peculiar opinions of consequence distin(u ished by the appellation of Heresies.4 The nature therefore and progress of these intestine
divisions or heresies are to be carefully unfolded; and, if this be done with judgment and impartiality, it must prove useful and interesting in the highest degree, though at the same time
W must be observed, that no branch of ecclesiastical history is so painful and difficult, on ac-.ount of the sagacity, candour, and application that it requires, in order to its being treated in a
sPatisfactory manner. The difficulty of arriving at the truth, in researches of this nature, is
extreme, on account of the injurious treatment that has been shown to the heads of religious
sects, and the unfair representations that have been made of their tenets and opinions; and this
difficulty has been considerably augmented by this particular circumstance, that the greatest
part of the writings of those who were branded with the name of heretics have not reached
* By these our author means the FFathers, whose writings form still a rule of faith in the Romish church, wbile,
m the Protestant churches, their authority diminishlcs from day to day.
tA term innocent in its primitive signification, though become odious by the enormity of some errors, to whiell
t has been applied, and also by the use that has been made of it, to give vent to the mahiguity of entllu,iast alnd
iad ts, 12
oim times. It is therefore the duty of a candid historian to avoid attaching to this term t re
invidious sense in which it is too often used, since it is the invective of all contending parties,
and is employed against truth as frequently as against error. The wisest method is to take.he word Heretic in its general signification, as denoting a person, who, either directly or indirectly, has been the occasion of exciting divisions and dissensions among Christians.
XII. After thus considering what constitutes the matter of Ecclesiastical History, it will be
proper to bestow a few thoughts on the manner of treating it, as this is a point of too much
importance not to deserve some attention. And here we may observe, that, in order to render both the External and Internal History of the Church truly interesting and useful, it is
absolutely necessary to trace effects to their causes, and to connect events with the circumstances, views, principles, and instruments that have contributed to their existence. A bare
recital of facts can at best but enrich the memory, and furnish a certain degree of amusement;
but the historian who enters into the secret springs that direct the course of outward events.
and views things in their various relations, connexions, and tendencies, gives thus a proper exercise to the judtgment of the reader, and administers, on many occasions, the most useful lessons of wisdom and prudence. It is true, a high degree of caution is to be observed here, lest,
in disclosing the secret springs of public events, we substitute imaginary causes in the place of
real, and attribute the actions of men to principles they never professed.
XIII. In order to discover the secret causes of public events, some general succours are to
he derived from the History of the Times in which they happened, and the Testimonies of the
AtuLthors by whom they are recorded. But, beside these, a considerable acquaintance with humasn nature, founded on long observation and experience, is extremely useful in researches of
this kind. The historian, who has acquired a competent knowledge of the views that occupy
the generality of men, who has studied a great variety of characters, and attentively observed
the force and violence of human passions, together with the infirmities and contradictions they
produce in the conduct of life, will find, in this knowledge, a key to the secret reasons and
motives which gave rise to many of the most important events of ancient times. An acquaintance also with the manners and opinions of the persons concerned in the events that are related,
will contribute much to lead us to the true origin of things.
XIV. There are, however, beside these general views, particular considerations, which will
assist us still farther in tracing up to their true causes the various events of sacred history.
We must, for example, in the external history of the church, attend carefully to two things;
first, to the political state of those kingdoms and nations in which the Christian religion has
been embraced or rejected; and, seconudly, to their religious state, i. e. the opinions they have
entertained concerning the divine nature, and the worship that is to be addressed to God. For
we shall then perceive, with greater certainty and less difficulty, the reasons of the different
reception Christianity has met with in different nations, when we are acquainted with the respective forms of civil government, the political maxims, and the public forms of religion that
prevailed in those countries and at those periods in which the Gospel received encouragement,
or met with opposition.
XV. With respect to the Ineternal History of the Church., nothing is more adapted to lay open
to view the hidden springs of its various changes, than an acquaintance with the History of
Learning and Philosophy in ancient times. For it is certain, that human learning and philosophy have, in all times, pretended to modify the doctrines of Christianity; and that these pretensions have extended farther than belongs to the province of philosophy on the one hand, or
is consistent with the purity and simplicity of the Gospel on the other. It may also be observed, that a knowledge of the forms of civil government, and of the superstitious rites and
institutions of ancient times, is not only useful, as we remarked above, to illustrate several
things in the external history of the church, but also to render a satisfactory account of its internal variations, both in point of doctrine and worship. For the genius of human laws, and
the maxims of civil rulers, have undoubtedly had a great influence in forming the constitution
of the church; and even its spiritual leaders have, in too many instances, from an ill-judged
prudence, modelled its discipline and worship after the ancient superstitions.
XVI. We cannot be at any loss to know the sources from which this important knowledge
is to be derived. The best writers of every age, who make' mention of ecclesiastical affairs,
and particularly those who were contemporary with the events they relate, are to be carefully
consulted, since it is from credible testimonies and respectable authorities that history derives
a solid and permanent foundation. Our esteem for those writers, who may be considered as
the sources of historical knowledge, ought not however to lead us to treat with neglect the
historians and annalists, who have already made use of these original records, since it betrays
a foolish sort of vanity to reject the advantages that may be derived from the succours and
labours of those who have preceded us in their endeavours to cast light upon points that have
been for many ages covered with obscurity.*
XVII. From all this we shall easily discern the qualifications that are essential to a good
writer of ecclesiastical history. His knowledge of human affairs must be considerable. aLl
his learning extensive. lie must be endowed with a spirit of observation and sagacity; a habit
of reasoning with evidence and facility; a faithful memory; and a judgment matured by ox* The various writers of ecclesiastical history are enumerated by Sever. Walt. loose womanerus, in his Propylweum Historia Christianse, published at Lunenburg, in 4to., - the year 1696; and by Casp. Sagittarius, in his Introductio ad
Historiam Ecclesiasticam, singulasque ejus partes.
13
perlence, and strengthened by exercise. Such are the inLtellectual endowments that are re
quired in the character of a good historian; and the moral qualities necessary to complete it,
are, a persevering and inflexible attachment to truth and virtue, a freedom from the servitude,f prejudice and passion, and a laborious and patient turn of mind.
XVIII. Those who undertake to write the history of the Christian church are exposed to,
the reception of a bias from three different sources; from times,- persons, and opinions. The
times, in which we live, have often so great an influence on our manner of judging, as to make
us consider the events which happen in our days, as a rule by which we are to estimate the
probability or evidence of those that are recorded in the history of past ages. The persons, on
whose testimonies we think we have reason to depend, acquire an imperceptible authority over
our sentiments, that too frequently seduces us to adopt their errors, especially if these persons
lave been distinguished by eminent degrees of sanctity and virtue. And an attachment to
tfvourite opinions, leads authors sometimes to pervert, or, at least, to modify, facts in favour ot
those who have embraced these opinions, or to the disadvantage of such as have opposed
them. These kinds of seduction are so much the more dangerous, as those whom they deceive are, in innumerable cases, insensible of their delusion, and of the false representations
cf things to which it leads them. It is not necessary to observe the solemn obligations that
bind an historian to guard against these three sources of error with the most delicate circum
spection, and the most scrupulous attention.
XIX. It is well known, nevertheless, how far ecclesiastical historians, in all ages, have dparted from these rules, and from others of equal evidence and importance. For, not to mention those who lay claim to a high rank among the writers of history in consequence of a
happy memory, loaded with an ample heap of materials, or those whose pens are ratherguided
by sordid views of interest than by a generous love of truth, it is too evident, how few in number the unprejudiced and impartial historians are, whom neither the influence of the sect to
which they belong, nor the venerable and imposing names of antiquity, nor the spirit of the
times and the torrent of prevailing opinion, can turn aside from the rigid pursuit of truth
alone. In the present age, more especially, the spirit of the times, and the influence of predominant opinions, have gained with many an incredible ascendency. Hence we find frequently in the writings, even of learned men, such wretched arguments as these: —Stch ait
op inion is true; therefore it muost of necessity have been adopted by the prinitive Christians.-Christ
has coenmanded is to live in such a manner; therefore it is undoubtedly certain, that the Christians
of ancient times lived so.-.-l certain custom does not take place now; therefore it did not prevail in
formier times.
XX. If those who apply themselves to the composition of Ecclesiastical History be careful
to avo.d the sources of error mentioned above, their labours will be eminently useful to man
kind, and more especially to those who are called to the important office of instructing others
in the sacred truths and duties of Christianity. The history of the church presents to our
view a variety of objects that are every way adapted to confirm our faith. When we contemplate here the discouraging obstacles, united efforts of kingdoms and empires, and the
dreadful calamities which Christianity, in its very infancy, was obliged to encounter, and ovei
which it gained an immortal victory, this will be sufficient to fortify its true and zealous professors against all the threats, cavils, and stratagems, of profane and impious men. The great
and shining examples also, which display their lustre, more or less, in every period of the
Christian history, must have an admirable tendency to inflame our piety, and to excite, even
in the coldest and most insensible hearts, the love of God and virtue. Those amazing revolutions and events that distinguished every.age of the church, and often seemed to arise from
small beginnings, and causes of little consequence, proclaim, with a solemn and respectable
voice, the empire of Providence, and also the inconstancy and vanity of human affairs. And,
among the many advantages that arise from the study of Ecclesiastical History, it is none of
the least, that we shall see therein the origin and occasions of those ridiculous rites, absurd
opinions, foolish superstitions, and pernicious errors, with which Christianity is yet disfigured
in too many parts of the world. This knowledge will naturally lead us to a view of the truth
in its beautiful simplicity, will engage us to love it, and render us zealous in its defence; not
to mention the pleasure and satisfaction that we must feel in researches and discoveries of such
an interesting kind.
XXI. They, more especially, who are appointed to instruct the youth in the public umverslties, and also such as are professionally devoted to the service of the church, will derive from
this study the most useful lessons of wisdom and prudence, to direct them in the discharge of
their respective offices. On the one hand, the inconsiderate zeal and temerity of others, and
the pernicious consequences with which they have been attended, will teach circumspection;
and in the mistakes into which even men of eminent merit and abilities have fallen, they will
often see the things they are obliged to avoid, and the sacrifices it will be prudent to make, in
order to maintain peace and concord in the church. On the other hand, illustrious examples
and salutary measures will hold forth to them a rule of conduct, a lamp to show them the
paths they must pursue. It may be farther observed, that, if we except the arms which Scripture and reason furnish against superstition and error, there is nothing that will enable us to,
comrebat them with more efficacy than the view of their deplorable effects, as they are represented to us in the history of the church. It would be endless to enumerate all tile advantages that Result from the study of Ecclesiastical History; experience alone can display thlese in
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Post by BrentKoivopolo888 on Aug 16, 2021 20:36:35 GMT -6
14 all therr extent; nor shall we mention the benefits that may be derived from it by those whe
have turned their views to other sciences than that of theology, and its. more peculiar utility
to such as are engaged in the study of the civil law. All this would lead us too far from our
present design.
XXII. As the history of the church is External or Interntal, so the manner of treating it must
be suited to that division. As to the first, when the narration is long, and the thread of the
history runs through a great number of ages, it is proper to divide it into certain periods, which
will give the reader time to breathe, assist memory, and also introduce a certain method and;
order into the work. In the following history the usual division into centuries is adopted in
preference to all others, because most generally approved, though it may be attended with difficulties and inconveniences.
XXIII. A considerable part of these inconveniences will be however removed, if, beside this
smaller division into centuries, we adopt a larger one, and divide the space of time that elapsed
between the birth of Christ and our days into certain grand periods, which were distinguished
by signal revolutions or remarkable events. It is on this account that we have judged it ex..
pedlent to comprehend the following History in Four Books, which will embrace four remark
able periods. The First will be employed in exhibiting the state ahd vicissitudes of the Christian church, from its commencement to the time of Constantine the Great. The Second will
comprehend the period that extends from the reign of Constantine to that of Charlemagne,
which produced such a remarkable change in the face of Europe. The Third will contain the
History of the Church, from the time of Charlemagne to the memorable period when Luther
arose in Germany, to oppose the tyranny of Rome, and to deliver divine truth from the darkncss that covered it. And the Fourth will carry down the same history, from the rise of Lutrer to the present times.
XXIV. We have seen above, that the sphere of Ecclesiastical History is extensive, that it
comprehends a great variety of objects, and embraces political as well as religious matt.ers, so
far as the former are related to the latter, either as causes or effects. But, however great the
diversity of these objects may be, they are closely connected; and it is the particular business
of an ecclesiastical historian to observe a method that will show this connexion in the most
conspicuous point of view, and form into one regular whole a variety of parts that seem hete.
roeencous and discordant. Different writers on this subject have followed different methods,
according to the diversity of their views and their peculiar manner of thinking. The order I
have observed will be seen above in that part of this Introduction, which treats of the sublectmatter of Ecclesiastical History; the mention of it is therefore omitted here, to avoid nuLens
isdary repetitions.
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Post by BrentKoivopolo888 on Aug 16, 2021 20:37:32 GMT -6
AN
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.
BOOK I.
U'ONTAINI.G THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, FROM ITS
ORIGIN, TO THE TIME OF CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
PART I.
COMPREHENDING THE EXTERNAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCHt
CHAPTER I. evils which thence arose we may justly reckon
Concerning the Civil.and Religieous State of the the formidable armies, that were necessary to
World at the Birth of CHRIST. support these extortions in the provinces, and
I. A GREAT part of the world was subject the civil wars which frequently broke out beto the Roman empire, when JEsUS CHRIST tween the oppressed nations and their haughty
made his appearance upon earth. The re- conquerors.
moter nations which had submitted to the yoke III. It must, at the same time, be acknowof this mighty empire, were ruled either by ledged, that this supreme dominion of one.Roman governors invested with temporary people, or rather of one man, over so mar y
commissions, or by their own princes and laws, kingdoms, was attended with many considerain subordination to the republic, whose sove- ble advantages to mankind in general, and to
reignty was to be acknowledged, and from the propagation and advancement of Christiwhich the conquered kings, who were continued anity in particular; for, by the means of this
in their dominions, derived their borrowed almost universal empire, many nations, differmajesty. At the same time, the Roman peo- ent in their languages and their manners, were
ple and their venerable senate, though they more intimately united in social intercourse.
had not lost all shadow of liberty, were in Hence a passage was opened to the remotest
reality reduced to a state of servile submis- countries, by the communications which the
sion to Augustus Caesar, who, by artifice, per- Romans formed between the conquered profidy, and bloodshed, had acquired an enor- vinces.* Hence also the nations, whose manmoos degree of power, and united in his own ners were savage and barbarous, were civilized
person the pompous titles of emperor, sove- by the laws and commerce of the Romans.
reign pontiff, censor, tribune of the people, And by this, in short, the benign influence of
proconsul; in a word, all the great offices of letters and philosophy was spread abroad ir
the state.* countries which had lain before under the
TI. The Roman government, considered both darkest ignorance. All this contributed, no
with respect to its form and its laws, was doubt, in a singular manner, to facilitate the
certainly mild and equitable.t But the in- progress of the Gospel, and to crown the la
justice and avarice of the printors and pro- bours of its first ministers and heralds with
consuls, and the ambitious lust of conquest success.t
and dominion. which was the predominant IV. The Roman empire, at the birth of
passion of the Roman people, together with Christ, was less agitated by wars and tumults,
the rapacious proceedings of the publicans, by than it had been for many years before: for,
whom th, taxes of the empire were levied, though I cannot assent to the opinion of those
were the occasions of perpetual tumults and itl- who, following the account of Orosius, ma.insupportable grievances; and among the many tain that the temple of Janus was then shut,.and that wars and discords absolutely ceased
* See fol this purpose the learned work of Augustin that wars and discords absolutely ceased
Campiazus, entitled, De Officio et Potestate Magistratuum * See, for an illustration of this point, Histoire des
Romanorum et Jurisdictione, lib. i. cap. i. p. 3, 4, &c. grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain, par Nicol. BerGeneva, 1725. gicr, printed in the year 1728. See also the very learned
t See Moyle's Essay on the Constitution of the Roman Everard Otto, De tutela Viarum publicarum, part ii.
Government, in the posthumous works of that author, Origen among ofiers, makes particular mention i
ol. i. as also Ssip. Maffei Verona illustrata, lib. ii. this. in the second book of his answer te Celosa.
throughout the world,* yet it is certain, that I tions both of nature and art.* Each people
the period, in which our Saviour descended also had a particular manner of worshipping
upon earth, may be justly styled the Pacific and appeasing their respective deities, entirely,/lge, if we compare it with the preceding times; different from the sacred rites of other coun
and indeed the tranquillity that then reigned, tries. In process of time, however, the Greeks
was necessary to enable the ministers of Christ and Romans became as ambitious in their reto execute, with success, their sublime com- ligious pretensions, as in their political claims.
mission to the human race. They maintained that their gods, though unV. The want of ancient records renders it der different names, were the objects of reliimpossible to say any thing satisfactory or cer- gious worship in all nations, and therefore they
tain concerning the state of those nations, gave the names of their deities to those of
who did not receive the Roman yoke, nor, in- other countries.t This pretension, whether
deed, is their history essential to our present supported by ignorance or other means, intropurpose. It is sufficient to observe, with re- duced inexpressible darkness and perplexity
spect to them, that those who inhabited the into the history of the ancient superstitions,
eastern regions were strangers to the sweets and has been also the occasion of innumeraof liberty, and groaned under the burthen of ble errors in the writings of the learned.
an oppressive yoke. Their softness and effemi- VIII. One thing, indeed, which, at first
nacy, both in point of manners and bodily sight, appears very remarkable, is, that this
constitution, contributed to make them sup- variety of religions and of gods neither proport their slavery with an unmanly patience; duced wars nor dissensions among the different
and even the religion they professed riveted nations, the Egyptians excepted.- Nor is it,
their chains. On the contrary, the northern perhaps, necessary to except even them, since
nations enjoyed, in their frozen dwellings, the their wars undertaken for their gods cannot,
blessings of sacred freedom, which their go- with propriety, be considered as wholly of a
vernment, their religion, a robust and vigorous religious nature.~ Each nation suffered its
frame of body and spirit, derived from the in- neighbours to follow their own method of worclemency and severity of their climate, all ship, to adore their own gods, to enjoy their
united to preserve and lmaintain.t own rites and ceremonies; and discovered no disVT! All these nations lived in the practice pleasure at their diversity of sentiments in reof the most abominable superstitions; for, ligious matters. There is, however, little
though the notion of one Supreme Being was wonderful in this spirit of mutual toleration,
not entirely effaced in the human mind, but when we consider, that they all looked upon
showed itself fiequently, even through the the world as one great empire, divided into
darkness of the grossest idolatry; yet all na- various provinces, over every one of which a
tions, except that of the Jews, acknowledged
a. number of governing powers, whom they * See the discourse of Athanasius, entitled, Oratic
conitra Gentes, in the first volume of his works.
calldl gods, and one or more of which they t This fact affords asatisfactory account of the vast
sutpposed to preside over each particular pro- number of gods who bore the name of Jupiter, and the
vince or people. They worshipped these ficti- multitudes that passed under those of Mercury, Vetious deities with various rites; they considered nus, Hercules, Juno, &c. The Greelks, when they found,
tious deities with various rites; they considered in other countries, deities that resembled their own.
them as widely different from each other in persuaded the worshippers of these foreign gods, that
sex and power, in their nature, and also in their deitieswere the same with those who were honour
th-eir respective offices; and they appeased ed in Greece, and were, indeed, themselves convinced
them by a multiplicity of ceremons ad o- that this was the case. In consequence of this, they gave
them by a multiplicity of ceremonies and of- the names of their gods to those of other nations, and
ferings, in order to obtain their protection and the Romans in this followed their example. Hence we
favour; so that, however different the degrees find the names of Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus, &c
of enormity mbight be, w~fith which this absurd frequently mentioned in the more recent monuments and
M v.. *- inscriptions which have been found among the Gauls and
and impious theology appeared in different Germans, though the ancient inhabitants of those councountries, yet there was no nation, whose sa- tries worshipped no gods under such denoraminations. I
cred rites and religious worship did not dis- cannotthink that this method of the Greeks and Roman,
has introduced so much confusion into mythology as Dr.
cover a manifest abuse of reason, and very Mosheimhere imagines. If indeed there had been no
striking marks of extravagance and folly. resemblance between the: Greek and Roman deities, and
VII. Every nation then had its respective those of other nations, and if the names of the deities of
gods, over which presided one more excellent the former had been given to those of the latter in an
arbitrary and undisting uishilg manner, the reflection of
than the rest, yet in suich a manner that this our historian would be undeniably true. But it has been
supreme deity was himself controlled by the alleged by many learned men, with a high degree of
rigid empire of the fates, or what the philoso- probability, that the principal deities of all nations resembled each other extremely in their essential characters,
phers called Eternal.Necessity. The gods of and if so, their receiving the same names could not inthe East were different from those of the troduce much confusion into mythology, since they were
Gaulls, the Germans, and other northern na- probably derived from one common source. If the Thor
tions. The Grecian divinities differed widely of the ancient Celts was the same in dignity, character,
and attributes, with the Jupiter of the Greeks and Rofrom those of the Egyptians, who deified plants, mans, where was the impropriety of giving the sanme
animals, and a great variety of the produc- name?
t Ingenious observations are to be found upon this heat
in the Expositio Menssa Isiacaa of Pignorius.
* See Jo. Massoni Templum Jani, Chr-sto nascente, ~ The religious wars of the Egyptians were not underreseratum, Roterodami, 1706. taken to compel others to adopt their worship, but to
tJ "Fere itaque imperia (says Seneca) penes eos fuere avenge the slaughter that was made of their gods, such
po ulos, qui mitiore ccelo utuntur: in frigora septemtri- as crocodiles, &c., by the neighbouring nations. They
onemque vergentibus immansueta ingenia sunt, ut ait were not offended at their neighbours for serving other
poeta, suoque simillima coelo." Seneca dle Ira, lib. ii divinities, but could not bear that they should put theirs
cap. ax i. o death.
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